Article 2. Relations Regulated by the Civil Legislation

1. The civil legislation determines the legal position of civilian participants, the grounds for the appearance and the procedure for exercising the right of ownership and the other real rights, the rights to the results of intellectual activity and to the equated to it means for the individualisation of intellectual rights), regulates the relations connected with participation in corporate organisations or in their management (corporate relations), the contractual and other liabilities, as well as the other property and personal non-property relations, based on the equality, the autonomy of the will and the property independence of the participants.

Both the citizens and the legal entities may be the participants of the relations, regulated by the civil legislation. The Russian Federation, the subjects of the Russian Federation and the municipal entities may also participate in the relations, regulated by the civil legislation (Article 124).

The civil legislation shall regulate relations between the persons, engaged in business activities or in those performed with their participation, proceeding from the fact that the business activity shall be an independent activity, performed at one's own risk, aimed at systematically deriving a profit from the use of the property, the sale of commodities, the performance of work or the rendering of services by the persons, registered in this capacity in conformity with the law-established procedure.

The rules, laid down by the civil legislation, shall be applied toward relations with the participation of foreign citizens, of persons without any citizenship, and also of foreign legal entities, unless otherwise stipulated by the Federal Law.

2. The inalienable human rights and freedoms, and the other non-material values shall be protected by the civil legislation, unless otherwise following from the substance of these non-material values.

3. Unless otherwise stipulated by legislation, the civil legislation shall not be applied toward the property relations, based on the administrative or the other kind of authoritative subordination of one party to the other party, including toward the taxation and other financial or administrative relations.